The Pilot Impacts Portal: experience in building an emergency management information sharing tool

 

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Abstract

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Article

The Impacts Framework

The Pilot Impacts Portal is a web accessible user interface to a collection of data items relating to the Impacts Framework (Stephenson 2010). This framework, developed by RMIT University and the Bushfire CRC, is based on economic principles and defines the process used to determine the economic, social and environmental impacts, losses and benefits resulting from a natural disaster.

The framework is used as a guide to determine and measure the impacts resulting from an event. It achieves this by identifying the elements contributing to the consequences of an event, defining the relationships between them and by informing the collection of information on a wide range of natural disasters. It can be used across any temporal or geographic scale, limited or broad. The framework provides an extensive list of possible impacts that the user can select depending on their area of interest and requirements. The framework is not limited to any one phase of the PPRR spectrum and can be used for emergency management, policy-making or other purposes.

Figure 1: The Impacts Framework (Stephenson 2010)

An overview of the Impacts Frameworks is depicted in Figure 1 (see Stephenson 2010). This figure is interpreted from top to bottom using the text below each box to explain the process of identifying an impact. Doing so reveals an event comprises a number of event characteristics which can have an effect on an object possibly causing harm which can lead to a range of observed and (in many cases) measurable impacts, which can be categorised under economic, social or environmental. Note that both space and time increase as these steps progress. Also, the prevention and preparedness aspects of emergency management practices are shown on the left while the role of response and recovery are on the right.

Figure 1 defines a ‘top-down’ approach for describing how to arrive at an impact by refining the disaster event into its constituent characteristics and considering the effects these have on real world objects in turn. This ‘top-down’ approach, common in management and organisations (for example a ‘work breakdown structure’), partitions the problem into smaller sub-problems. In summary, starting from a specific event, the framework notes the possible event characteristics, how they interact with an object in the real world, and the harm that may be caused which results in a specific impact.

Impacts project drivers

The Australian Natural Disasters Impacts Framework Project (Impacts Project 2012), is managed by Fire & Rescue New South Wales (FRNSW). The motivation for the project can be summarised by the following question:

Do we know where to best allocate investment across the PPRR spectrum to increase community safety and reduce the costs and social effects of emergencies and disasters?

Various Council of Australian Governments (COAG) reviews have highlighted the need for more comprehensive data on the full costs of natural disasters and emergency risk management services. This will enable governments and communities to undertake cost benefit assessments and identify the most cost effective mix of risk-based emergency management investment in PPRR interventions across all hazards.

At present, collating all the available data necessary to identify the total costs of emergency risk management within a community is extremely difficult and beyond the capacity of most stakeholders. Some of the key data required is currently not collected or is inaccessible. Case studies tend to focus on one disaster or type of emergency and hence do not provide an ‘all hazards’ view of the costs and benefits of emergency risk management investment.

The COAG Report Natural Disasters in Australia (Australian Government 2002, p. 14) lists 12 recommendations for all levels of government to reform Australia’s natural disaster management. The first two are:

• develop and implement a five-year national program of systematic and rigorous disaster risk assessments, and
• establish a nationally consistent system of data collection, research and analysis to ensure a sound knowledge base on natural disasters and disaster mitigation.

The second recommendation was the original motivation for the Impacts Project. This is the overriding requirement to be fulfilled.

There have also been other significant reports and findings recommending a unified and comprehensive approach to emergency management and reducing risks. A summary follows:

• The report of the ANZLIC Counter Terrorism Project (2003) (note that the report Using Australia’s Spatial Information Infrastructure for Counter-Terrorism is confidential).
• The Parliamentary Report A Nation Charred (Australian Government 2003).
• OECD Report Emerging Risks in the 21st Century: An Agenda for Action (OECD 2003).
• The COAG report National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management (COAG 2004).
• Management Advisory Committee Report Connecting Government: Whole of government responses to Australia’s challenges (Australian Government 2004).
• Catastrophic Disasters Emergency Management Capability Working Group Report Review of Australia’s Ability to Respond to and Recover From Catastrophic Disasters (Australian Government 2005).
• The formation of the National Information Management Advisory Group (NIMAG).
• The formation of the High Level Group on Information Management for National Security and Emergency Management.
• The international emergency management trend towards interoperability (shared data systems and access).
• The Emergency Management Information Development Plan (EMIDP 2006).
• The Final Report—2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission (Victorian Government 2010).

There are also state and territory initiatives tackling similar issues. These groups and their reports all advocate, among other findings, the need for improved access to relevant information for the purposes of emergency planning and response.

In effect, it’s important to deliver the right information to the right people in the right format in the right place at the right time.

The Pilot Impacts Portal (www.fend.org.au)

The portal is a platform to show the benefits of having a single point of access to a wide collection of data items that can be used for evidence-based decision making. The aim is to foster an emergency management user community focused on a national resource (the portal).

An example of the information available is shown in Figure 2 where various historical natural disaster events are displayed with icons and overlays showing the events matching the chosen options.

Figure 2: Displaying events with impacts

Figure 2 shows all the events that occurred from 2000–2012 which include impact information. The key to the icons and overlays can be seen next to its data source. For example cyclone tracks are shown as a red line, floods as a blue region and so on. There are more event details available in the portal when the restriction to only display those with associated impact information is relaxed. This can be seen in Figure 3 where the same screen shot is shown, except the check box ‘Only show events with impact data’ has been un-checked.

Figure 3: Displaying all events

The portal collates data from various sources to report against the Impacts Framework. The data is categorised as described in Table 1.

Table 1: Data item categories

Category	Description
Framework	The Impacts Framework
Baseline	Context in which an event occurs
Historical Events	Information about specific events
Historical Impacts	Measured impacts caused by an event
Mitigation & Recovery	History of funds spent and actions performed in a region for PPRR

What the portal is not

The portal does not provide the facility to conduct modelling or forecasting. It was not designed to analyse the total impacts of natural disasters on a community; nor was it designed to be used for monitoring the current situation during a disaster event. All data available in the portal is managed locally. For example, there are no live data feeds or data obtained from web services. Consequently, data management, adding new items and updating existing ones, is the responsibility of the portal administrator.

Portal users

The portal user represents a large collection of possible users ranging from emergency management personnel (people associated with firefighters, ambulance officers, police, rescue personnel, SES, and so on), government (federal, state and local agencies), and community groups. These users will each have a particular objective when using the portal broadly defined as supporting evidence-based decision making on where best to allocate investment across the PPRR spectrum to increase community safety and reduce the costs and social effects of disasters.

User tasks

The Pilot Impacts Portal integrates data managed by various government agencies using a Google Map interface that allows users to access disaster event information by geographic region. The Google Map provides street map, terrain and satellite imagery backdrops for Australia and the map is overlaid with further geographic data. The example in Figure 4 shows historical fires in Tasmania with the local government areas layer displayed and the details of a specific fire incident shown in a popup window, activated by clicking the fire icon.

Figure 4: The map view showing Tasmanian fires, local government areas and details of a selected event

The user interface provides various access paths to this information allowing the portal user to:

• explore the Impacts Framework
• identify data items relevant to a specific event under investigation
• discover data items by geographical region and time
• discover data items by disaster category
• generate reports summarising the information found, and
• export data extracts for further investigation.

The content of the Impacts Framework can be explored as shown in Figure 5. In this example, the user has navigated to that part of the Impacts Framework associated with the destruction of roads, as a category of public infrastructure, caused by the flames of a bushfire. The result is the direct impact ‘Destruction of Roads’ which has been expanded to show the consequential impacts that can also result. These are termed indirect impacts. Note that an indirect impact may cause another subsequent indirect impact up to a ‘depth’ of five.

Figure 5: The Impacts Framework Internet Explorer user interface

The reporting features are demonstrated in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6: Newcastle earthquake (1989)

Figure 6 shows the map zoomed to the Newcastle, NSW region, with the terrain relief enabled and further infrastructure and natural environment data included. Note there are three earthquake icons displayed—two from the Geoscience Australia Earthquakes database (the circles) and one from the Attorney-General’s Department (AGD) Disasters Database (the icon). These datasets have different spatial resolution for the events they describe (explained further on).

Figure 7: Generated report (subset) for the Newcastle local government area

Figure 7 shows a subset of an example report generated summarising the information of Figure 6. This information is expected to provide evidence for the user to support their investigation and is a PDF document which includes:

• a summary of when the report was created
• a map of the region chosen
• population estimates
• descriptions of the disaster events
• information about the built environment from Geoscience Australia’s National Exposure Information System (NEXIS), and
• acknowledgements to the data providers.

Another output available for a user is a data extract. This is a comma-separated values (CSV) file containing a subset of the data items available in the portal for a selected region. This feature allows a user to explore relevant data items using tools available to them.

Further examples of how the portal may be used include:

• conducting state-wide assessments
• prioritising grant money for recovery processes
• identifying vulnerable communities
• informing operational management and resource allocation during large scale events, and
• identifying damage and losses to develop and prioritise prevention and preparedness programs.

The portal has been developed with these goals in mind and it is up to the user community to provide feedback on how successful this has been.

Data items

A summary of the data items available in the portal is shown in Table 2. The data item ‘custodian’ is noted along with its category as defined in Table 1. Note that a mix (by years) of ABS Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) boundaries were used due to the availability of associated population demographics for these regions at the time of development.

Table 2: Summary of portal data items

Data Item	Custodian	Categories
Impacts Framework	FRNSW	Framework
ASGC CD 2006	ABS	Baseline
ASGC LGA 2010	ABS	Baseline
ASGC POA 2010	ABS	Baseline
ASGC SLA 2010	ABS	Baseline
BCP 2006	ABS	Baseline
Populations 2010	ABS	Baseline
National AIRS DB	AFAC	Event/Impacts
Disasters Database	AGD	Event/Impacts
AHGF	BOM	Baseline
Tropical Cyclones	BOM	Event
DFO	Colorado Uni	Event/Impacts
Earthquakes DB	GA	Event
GEODATA Topo 250K	GA	Baseline
NEXIS	GA	Baseline

Issues encountered

There have been a number of issues and obstacles encountered which include:

Locating events

The data describing historical disaster events has varying levels of accuracy. Some data items include specific geographic coordinates, such as earthquakes and cyclone tracks, whereas others are described with a general location. For example, the AGD Disasters Database sometimes includes only a very rough idea of where the event was geographically located. Each event is assigned to one or more of the 143 map regions defining a grid for Australia. These regions are used to place icons on the portal’s Map View corresponding to the events occurring in these regions.

Locating events in this way is only approximate and has the added problem that multiple events in the same region are given the same location resulting in icons being stacked on top of each other. This was resolved by including a small random offset in these cases to disperse the icons so they can be distinguished. This process is known as ‘cartographic generalization’ and is a standard practice when rendering information on a map. This example highlights a difficultly when repurposing data. This is not an issue when presenting data in tabular form, but it is when displaying on a map.

A similar issue was that some locations are defined using place names. The Yahoo GeoPlanet web service1 was used to find a suitable place match. Note that the task of locating an event is performed during data loading to assign permanent geographic coordinates. The results were reviewed by a person and are subsequently used when displaying the events in the portal.

Data quality

There were data quality issues with some of the data items obtained which were manually fixed. The Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Brakenridge 2011) is a global archive of large flood events available as a Shapefile (a popular vector data format for geographic information) with further data available as a CSV file. When displaying the flood extents as polygons, some did not correspond to their descriptive text. For example, there were flood events in Western Australia described as occurring in New South Wales and there were floods in South East Asia that were noted as occurring in Australia. The problem seemed to be a ‘shift’ of one row for the data in the Shapefile and corresponding CSV. This problem was manually fixed and the data custodian notified.

Also, the content of the AGD Disasters Database was revised during the course of the Impacts Project.2 The publicly available database was downloaded on four occasions and each time the amount of information available decreased as noted in Table 3. However, the quality of the information made available increased with each release.

Table 3: AGD Disasters Database summary

Date Obtained	# Events	# Impacts
26 October 2011	790	232
1 February 2012	517	180
7 May 2012	244	102
22 June 2012	240	86

Improving the data is commendable, however an alternative would be to provide quality indicators at the record level. This would allow access to information that is otherwise not available, and places the responsibility on the user to interpret the data correctly.

Data availability

Some data custodians have data, but it is not readily available for use in the portal due to cost, licensing constraints, availability, or sensitivity of the data. For example, the Public Sector Mapping Agency data costs approximately $50 000 per year to licence and data from Risk Frontiers could not be made publicly available.

Existing data repositories

There are data items relating to the Impacts Framework which exists as collections of reports describing, for example, specific natural disaster events, post-event surveys and risk studies. Some of these reports have been collected when they are available from web sites for use in the portal. However in many cases these reports exist, but are not available for the following reasons:

• the reports are not managed as a single resource
• the report contents are often an aggregation of data from other sources (and these original sources should be identified for use in the portal)
• the data items are distributed throughout the organisation, and
• no one person knows where they are all located.

Data coverage

Comparing the list of data items currently available in the portal (see Table 2) against the content of the Impacts Framework identifies various gaps in the data obtained. Most notably, there has been no mitigation and recovery data items identified for use in the portal. While such data does exist the availability of this data has been an issue. Although agencies have data, it is not readily accessible since it only exists in individual reports distributed throughout organisations. Accessing these reports is problematic for the same reasons outlined above.

Future work

The portal went ‘live’ on 15 June 2012 and completed a 12-month trial at the end of June 2013. Members of the Australian emergency services community were notified of the release and in the first two weeks over 30 users registered. At publication there are over 100 registered users from over 40 agencies. Feedback from users about the usefulness of the portal is welcome especially related to ways it can be improved. FRNSW is planning the future deployment arrangements and in the meantime CSIRO will continue to host the portal.

The original aims of the Impacts Project were to provide emergency services organisations with better information about natural disaster events so they can improve their decision-making around PPRR investments in terms of community safety and reducing the impacts of future events. The Pilot Impacts Portal supports these aims. It is a tool to improve access to information about relevant historical events, allowing users to review the frequency and intensity of previous events for specific geographic regions and includes information on the built environment (via NEXIS) and demographic details (ABS data).

Effective emergency management requires finding the right balance between preventing and preparing for disasters and responding to and recovering from them afterwards. The Impacts Framework, upon which the portal is based, provides a systematic process for understanding the economic, social and environmental impacts associated with natural disaster events. This allows detailed planning options for managing emergencies to be explored in terms of a cost-benefit analysis.

There are a number of areas for future work:

• The data items available should be extended to cover the gaps identified.
• The current centralised approach to managing the data items in a data warehouse should be extended to ‘harvest’ data from sources that provide up-to-date information.
• The 2011 Australian census data recently released by the ABS should be integrated into the portal.
• The user community should be allowed to directly contribute information to the portal for others to directly access.
• Standards should be investigated for information exchange describing natural disaster data.

Acknowledgments

The Impacts of Natural Disasters and Fire Emergencies is a national project managed by Fire & Rescue NSW. This project is part of the Natural Disaster Mitigation Program and is jointly funded by the Commonwealth and NSW Governments with 50 per cent contribution from the Commonwealth of Australia and 50 per cent from the NSW Government.

The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments to the paper.

References

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Power, R, Robinson, B, Cameron, MA, & Nicolopoulos, N 2012, The Pilot Impacts Portal: Towards an Emergency Response Planning Tool. CSIRO, Canberra, Australia. At: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP1210307&dsid=DS1.

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About the authors

Robert Power is a senior software engineer who has been with CSIRO for over 20 years. He is currently investigating the use of social networks to aid emergency management, Web interfaces to support disaster planning and issues of data integration.

Bella Robinson is a senior software engineer who has been with CSIRO for 17 years. Her areas of interest include spatial information systems, internet applications and social media analysis.

Mark Cameron is a research team and project leader who has been with CSIRO for over 20 years. He is currently leading a team developing a platform and tools to deliver situation awareness from near real-time social-media text streams. Mark has extensive experience in research and development of tools and platforms to enable automated information integration.

Nick Nicolopoulos is Principal Strategist Business Intelligence and Decision Support with Fire and Rescue NSW. He has over 25 years experience in leading statistical research projects, and in developing frameworks, standards, policies and systems to improve data governance and business intelligence for the emergency management sector.

1 http://developer.yahoo.com/geo/geoplanet/

2 The disaster event information contained in the Disaster Database has been integrated into the Australian Emergency Management Knowledge Hub, as of July 2012. The Knowledge Hub is a fully searchable online resource for emergency management information, research and media. www.emknowledge.gov.au